Everything You Need To Know About Rectal Cancer

What is Rectal Cancer?

Rectal cancer is a type of colorectal cancer that develops in the rectum, the last several inches of the large intestine before it connects to the anus. It typically begins as noncancerous growths called polyps, which can become cancerous over time.

Risk Factors:

Several factors can increase the risk of developing rectal cancer:

Age: The risk of rectal cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in individuals over 50.
Family History: A family history of colorectal cancer or polyps can elevate the risk, especially if a close relative had it.
Personal History: If you have had colorectal cancer or polyps in the past, you are at higher risk for developing rectal cancer.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis can increase the risk of rectal cancer.
Diet: A diet high in red meat and low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables may contribute to a higher risk.

Signs and Symptoms:

Rectal cancer often develops without noticeable symptoms in its early stages. However, as it progresses, common signs may include:

Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of the stool
Blood in the stool or dark, tarry stools
Abdominal discomfort, cramps, or pain
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Iron-deficiency anemia

If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they persist or worsen, consult a healthcare professional for evaluation.

Diagnosis and Staging:

Diagnosing rectal cancer typically involves several tests, including a digital rectal exam, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, biopsy, and imaging studies. Staging determines the extent and severity of the disease and helps guide treatment decisions.

Treatment Options:

The treatment plan for rectal cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of the cancer, the location of the tumor, the patient’s overall health, and individual preferences. Common treatment options include:

Surgery: Surgery is often the primary treatment for rectal cancer. The type of surgery depends on the size and location of the tumor:
- Local Excision: Removes small tumors that haven’t spread deeply into the rectum.
- Low Anterior Resection (LAR): Removes the tumor and a portion of the rectum.
- Abdominoperineal Resection (APR): Removes the entire rectum and anus, with the need for a colostomy.
Chemotherapy: Medications are used to kill cancer cells or slow their growth. Chemotherapy may be administered before or after surgery.
Radiation Therapy: High-energy beams target and destroy cancer cells. It is often used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to eliminate any remaining cancer cells.
Targeted Therapy: Medications that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth.

Rectal cancer